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A standard document is a very official document, typically produced by a large international organization (CEA, ANSI, ISO, etc, you probably recognize the names) that describe how a specific thing has to be done to be "standard". For example, there's a standard document that describes how the outlets at your home have to be made. For almost anything, from rail roads to faucets there's some standard that describes the "rules" that manufacturers must follow in order to make products that are compatible with everything else.

The subtitle world is not an exception, and there's standards for it to.

Depending on where in the world you are, the standard is different. For example, for subtitles on teletext:

http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_i_ets/300700_300799/300706/01_60/ets_300706e01p.pdf

That's an official document, from ETSI, that describes how teletext transmissions must be.

So the job here is to find as many of these standards as possible, for everywhere in the world. What's the standard document that applies to India? Japan? China? Russia? Argentina? Etc

Again, the job is to locate the standard documents that rule subtitles in TV transmissions. It's not to find standards for output files such as .srt, etc.